Imagining the World through the Arts for Drama and Puppetry

Question: Talk about theImagining the World through the Arts for Drama and Puppetry. Answer: Talking with regards to the kids the imaginative expressions alludes to the practices and the types of expressions which sustains the innovativeness in every one of the youngsters during their youth. The instances of such artistic expressions are moving, craftsmanship and artworks, music, show and puppetry. These kinds of artistic expressions start and shape a childs creative mind and open a few select opportunities for every single kid. The imaginative expressions are another approach to show the kids that it isn't on the whole correct to underline just on the outcomes instead of the strategy or the route by which an individual arrives at the resolution is unquestionably progressively noteworthy. Innovative expressions open up a few spaces and encourage adaptability in the brains of the kids. The sorts of Creative Arts judge the information, abilities, and qualities, of the kids created by them in the wake of learning the different kinds of innovative expressions. Every one of the class of the workmanship ( like move, craftsmanship and specialties, visual expressions and music) is conformed to four strands which are between related with one another. The four strands are: Understanding the setting of the craftsmanship, picking up the pragmatic information on the work of art, the capacity makes in expressions, the capacity to decipher and impart the different types of expressions. Understanding the subject of workmanship causes figuring out how to recognize the intensity of expressions to shape the whole world(Durden, Escalante Blitch, 2015).To enquire about the developing idea of craftsmanship over some undefined time frame, the types of workmanship have been continually changing and adjusting with the advancing passionate condition of the people. This additionally assists with discovering the interrelation among tarts and the contemporary types of craftsmanship in the innovative business. The capacity of the following strand is to build up the viable abilities required to ace a specific type of craftsmanship and to interface them (Russell-Bowie, 2012). This structure instructs investigation and experimentation of the techniques for the works of art, learning and utilizing various structures, innovations and procedures identified with expressions of the human experience and furthermore captivating with other people who are keen on these types of workmanship and to collaborate and gain from them. It additionally makes one to apply new procedures in the down to earth use of expressions of the human experience. The understudies build up the capacity to advance innovative thoughts with the assistance of different kinds of inventive works of art and along these lines, they additionally build up an imaginative force (Wilkinson et al., 2017). By experiencing the procedure of expressions and making up various plans to make another type of it. Building certainty and communicating ones feelings and emotions through the types of innovative workmanship, imparting the thoughts of advancement to others for additional picking up, making one of a kind fine art mirroring the information picked up from the learning and practice. Conveying and deciphering in expressions of the human experience assists with advancing and refine the odds of the kids and furthermore to share and convert the importance of the innovative structures by introducing their own type of workmanship utilizing the contemporary types of craftsmanship (Ewing, 2010 ). Review the works done by others from a basic point and to react to such fine arts. Moving oneself as well as other people to rehearse an alternate type of learning the better approaches for the artistic expressions. To comprehend the thoughts identified with different types of workmanship and rehearsing different types of the equivalent. The advantages and importance of innovative expressions in the youth incorporate the physical and the overall mental improvement of the youngsters; it assists with diminishing pressure and furthermore simultaneously upgrades enthusiastic solidness. One may effectively scrutinize that how the inventive expressions can help in the advancement of engine aptitudes in the kids, however the appropriate response is somewhat a straightforward one. While drawing or making creates the youngsters builds up their capacity to hold things and use them according to their need improves their physical development aptitudes (Hopkins, Geangu Linkenauger, 2017). In spite of the fact that individuals take, their capacity to work and capacity for conceded yet everybody has adjusted with their engine abilities since their youth, and these aptitudes are created in the phases of youth. The various kinds of exercises help to fabricate the capacity to work appropriately in the kids. For instance, when a youngs ter attempts to attract something or attempt to get something utilizing their hand then it upgrades the eye co-appointment with the hand (Formosinho, 2017). While moving, playing the youngsters the kids draws in into different physical developments, which additionally expands their physical capacities. Every one of these aptitudes later assistance later on legitimate body work when youngsters develop into a grown-up. Clearly, the innovative expressions give an outlet to the adolescents to explore and assume up responsibility for their emotions, also (Stoll, 2015). The outflows of the people have reliably been accepted to be an energetic and expressive preoccupation, and this remaining parts consistent for kids as well, regardless of the way that in a route extraordinary according to for increasingly settled individuals (McPherson, 2015). For example, while human articulations empower adults to show estimations they may somehow or another or another experience issues imparting. The demonstration of the human experience encourages the kids to investigate their own emotions, and this causes them to turn out to be better outfitted to deal with the high focuses and depressed spots that will wind up being a piece of their lives as they grow up. As told by the researchers, the type of inventive expressions help the children to find out about subjectivity of a thing (Duffy, 2006). According to Lev Vygotsky, such ways help the youngsters to get familiar with certain new things, the kids learn by attempting to comprehend the importance of the activities they find in their environmental factors and they at that point begin duplicating the equivalent. Moreover, as per him the social association of the children was significant for this specific procedure, calling it stage, where a kid with an extremely constrained information base extends his/her fitness level by replicating a person with a greater and better learning base, similar to an adult (Moore, 2017). For example, if a child with low engine aptitudes see that another kid is doing acceptable at painting then the other one will attempt to copy the kid will better capacities and will learn all the while. The heading of movement is the case of a reasonable instructive rule, which helps in the erudite person, and the tasteful improvement of the youngsters. The youngsters duplicate the exercises from others and they learn all the while (Stoll, 2015). This procedure is presently generally followed in the grade schools where the educators perform different exercises, the youngsters follow and thusly. While choosing these exercises the instructor should be cautious and follow certain sub standards (Singer, 2017). The learning destinations and the learning strategies ought to be comparable inside and out. Exercises cause the youngsters to get familiar with a great deal of things and they convey this information further into the future when they grow up. In this manner, course of exercises is one of the most significant standards for all round turn of events Reference List: Durden, T. R., Escalante, E., Blitch, K. (2015). Start with us! Socially significant instructional method in the preschool classroom.Early Childhood Education Journal,43(3), 223-232. Formosinho, J., Formosinho, J. (2017). Instructional method improvement: transmissive and participatory teaching methods for mass tutoring. InAssessment and Evaluation for Transformation in Early Childhood(pp. 31-53). Routledge. Hopkins, B., Geangu, E., Linkenauger, S. (Eds.). (2017).The Cambridge reference book of youngster improvement. Cambridge University Press. McPherson, G. E. (Ed.). (2015).The youngster as artist: A handbook of melodic turn of events. Oxford University Press. Moore, R. C. (2017).Childhood's area: Play and spot in youngster development(Vol. 6). Routledge. Artist, E. (2017).Child-care and the brain science of improvement. Routledge. Stoll, L. (2015). Three greats for a self-improving educational system: instructional method, proficient turn of events and initiative: showing schools RD arrange national topics venture 2012-14: Spring 2015. Wilkinson, I. A., Reznitskaya, A., Bourdage, K., Oyler, J., Glina, M., Drewry, R., ... Nelson, K. (2017). Toward a more dialogic instructional method: changing instructors convictions and practices through expert advancement in language expressions classrooms.Language and education,31(1), 65-82. Australian Curriculum appraisal and detailing Authority (ACARA) 2017 recovered from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/expressions of the human experience/introduction.Early years learning system, (having a place, being and turning out to be). (Branch of training, employmentandworkplace),2009 Ewing, R, 2010. The Arts and Australian training: acknowledging potential. recovered from https://research.acer.edu.au/aer/11/ Russell-Bowie, D. 2012: MMADD about The Arts: A prologue to essential Arts training (third ed.). Duffy, B. (2006). Supporting inventiveness and creative mind in the early years Sharp, C. 2004. Creating little youngsters' imagination: what would we be able to gain from research? National Foundation for Educational Research, 32, 5-12

The Islands Cuba, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles Essay

The Islands Cuba, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles - Essay Example A significant number of the first occupants kicked the bucket from maladies that were brought to Cuba by the showing up mariners. The main Spanish settlements were built up in Cuba in 1511. This compares near the main appearance of the Spanish in the Netherlands Antilles in the mid 1500s. The Spanish likewise reached Barbados in 1536. Spanish conquistadors held onto the Caribs on Barbados to be utilized as manor slaves and when the British settlements showed up during the 1620s, the island was uninhabited. Inside 100 years of contact by Spanish pilgrims, every one of the three local populaces had been annihilated or oppressed. During the 1600s, the standard of the islands changed hands from the Spanish to other European nations. Cuba stayed a Spanish state while Barbados was settled as a British province. The Dutch caught the Netherlands Antilles during the 1600s. Under European pilgrim rule, every one of the three islands experienced comparative circumstances during the years 1600-1900. During these hundreds of years, each of the three settlements misused the sugar advertise. The huge sugar estates required the importation of servitude. The slave work was principally from Africa, however Barbados imported slaves from the Celtic countries of Scotland and Ireland. Subjugation was canceled in each of the three provinces in the nineteenth century. ... The relatives of the liberated slaves keep on ruling the populaces of these islands. Relatives of the Celts that were imported to Barbados are the absolute most unfortunate occupants there today. During the time of huge sugar estates and servitude, the islands were administered by the governments of the Dutch, England, and Spain. Cuba, which had gone under Spanish guideline, experienced during these years an oppressive principle. Barbados and the Netherlands Antilles were under pioneer decide that was less abusive. The Spanish principle in Cuba brought about a rebel contrary to Spanish standard in 1898, which eventually brought about the Spanish-American war. During this period, Cuba removed the Spanish and it turned into an American protectorate. Barbados fared better during this period, yet the descendent slave populace kept on living outside the standard political range. Barbados had disappointed the female vote and furthermore had a salary capability to have the option to cast a ballot. Distress toward the start of the twentieth century prompted monstrous uprisings by the relatives of previous slaves. In 1942, the pay capability was brought and ladies were permitted down to cast a ballot. While the English governed Barbados was moving towards more prominent opportunity, Cuba was creeping into a progression of severe tyrannies. Fulgencio Batista was the military chief and later President of Cuba starting in 1933. Batista administered a degenerate and harsh police state. During his standard, he regularly hushed his faultfinders through viciousness, which brought forth a sorted out restriction drove by Fidel Castro. Castro's supporters had the option to remove Batista in 1959 when he fled the nation. At that point, Castro was viewed as a master majority rules system development and self-rule was clearing the Caribbean countries. In 1954 the Netherlands Antilles had gotten an

Lit Analytics

Lit Analytics Today after the admissions info session in Kresge (where it also took place in 2005), a parent asked me if/how MIT humanities classes were analytically rigorous. I tried to describe an article I recently read from the MIT News Office that addressed this point, but really butchered my explanation. Let me try again. First, here are some excerpts from the article: Henderson explores many shapes of Shakespeare Book examines Shake-shifting for modern time, media Robin H. Ray, News Office Correspondent September 13, 2006 The works of William Shakespeare have a timeless quality, but it would be a mistake to imagine these classics have retained their adamantine purity despite the passage of time. As Diana Henderson, associate professor of literature, shows in her new book, Collaborations With the Past: Reshaping Shakespeare Across Time and Media (Cornell University Press), even those trying faithfully to represent Shakespeare cannot do so, because the context in which his works were formed is gone for good. Instead, producers, writers and filmmakers must engage in Shake-shifting, a collaboration in which both artists and the Bard give and take. Henderson noted in a recent e-mail, My interest in the importance of collaboration originated from my work in theater long before I came to MIT, but certainly there are analogies with scientific models of creative collaboration. It is a good balance to the 19th-century image of the solitary artist or scholar, the genius in isolation. Being part of MITs conceptually open, media-friendly literature faculty has been equally important, especially in encouraging my work on film and televised Shakespeare. She added, MIT also encourages us to think about the future as much as the past: In that regard, it helps humanities scholars keep in mind the need to connect their knowledge of the past with the immediate present and to imagine future directions and applications for our more contextualized, historical understanding of human achievement. Also, consider this music class: 21M.361 Composing with Computers ______ Undergrad (Fall, Spring) HASS Elective Prereq: Permission of instructor Units: 2-2-8 ______ A series of composition projects using various types of recording equipment, editing software, audio hardware, and programming environments. Class culminates in a public concert presenting student work. Instruction in recording, editing, synthesis, sampling, digital sound processing, sequencing, and interactive systems. Close listening to computer and electronic music from composers and sound artists including Cage, Eno, Ikeda, Kraftwerk, Lansky, Radiohead, Stockhausen, Varese and Xenakis. Focus on using the computer as a means of musical creativity and intuition. This course description doesnt exactly convey how the class is analytically rigorous, but it hints at how even a music class can embrace technology in the context of a subject that one doesnt traditionally associate with technology. You can find all music courses offered here. Many people havent heard of the CMS major before; Comparative media studies is a multidisciplinary program at MIT examining media technologies and their cultural, social, aesthetic, political, ethical, legal and economic implications. The program offers a masters degree and undergraduate major (now the largest humanities major at MIT). Its faculty and students are engaged in a range of research projects, partnering with foundations and industry in areas that include media literacy, the development of education technologies and media convergence. Along with the departments Foreign Languages and Literatures and Literature, CMS co-sponsors The HyperStudio provides the infrastructure and support for the development of media applications within the Humanities. The HyperStudio is open to all members of the Humanities who seek to create media projects for educational and research purposes. In particular it: * Supports innovative teaching and active learning in the humanities * Conceptualizes educational media projects in close collaboration with faculty * Works with faculty to specifically create media content for their courses * Helps faculty integrate new media projects into the curriculum * Develop new technologies to flexibly deliver media content to students * Innovates new media-based pedagogies that engage students more fully in the learning process * Generates concepts for future educational media needs

The Dark Side Of Mexico - 1283 Words

Selam Hagos Hagos 1 Professor Daniel Horan English 1A 25 October, 2015 The dark side of Mexico El Narco, a nonfiction book, describes the drug war in Mexico that has continued and intensified in the past couple of decades. Criminal activities of drug traffickers have resulted in instability of Mexican citizens. Some casualties in the past decade have been more than 34,000 due to the drug war. The drug war is still ongoing between numerous Mexican drug cartels and the Mexican government. Because of Mexican drug war between the Mexican government and drug cartels many†¦show more content†¦Mainly, Medellin and Colombia Cali were known to be established drug cartels. Since their demise in the early 1990s, Mexican drug cartels dominated the illegal drug market and controlled more than 90% of cocaine supply in the United States. In 2006, government intervention against such cartels resulted in arresting key cartels such as Gulf and Tijuana, which ultimately resulted in drug violence. These cartels continued their fight for gaining co ntrol of trafficking routes into the United States against their Mexican government. â€Å"The ambushes triggered the nationwide violence and at present, the government is nowhere close to invading country’s cartels and drug traffickers. The situation has gotten even worse at the moment†(Grillo). Throughout this timeline, the government had kept an approach of arresting the high profile cartel leaders, but this ‘kingpin’ strategy has not been sufficient. It brought security at streets of Mexico. The strategy of taking down top level drug cartels contributed to the cartels’ fragmentation with divided leaders and same business. Which emerged to the rise of more violent, militaristic groups. These groups straightway targeted the Mexican military. Hence, cartel members and the Mexican military have continuously battled each other numerous times and resulted in mass homicides. From the perspective of government intervention techniques, the Mexican milit ary

Columbine High School Massacre Self Control Theory Essay

Columbine High School Massacre: Self-Control Theory Briselda Villalaz San Diego State University Introduction The Columbine High School Massacre was a school shooting that took place on April 20th, 1999 in Columbine, Colorado. It was a highly planned attacked that included a bomb to confused firefighters, propane tanks that were made into bombs to blow up the cafeteria, 99 explosive device, and some car bombs. The masterminds were Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, they were both seniors. Collaboratively they murdered 12 students and 1 teacher. Aside from the kills they injured 21 other people, and an additional 3 more while trying to escape the horrendous event. After their killing rampage, the murderers committed suicide. The exact reason of why the committed this crime to this day is unclear. The personal journals of the two perpetrators referenced that they wanted the event to compete with those of the Oklahoma City bombing and other deadly events that happened in the United States around the 1900s. The attack is known as the deadliest High School shooting in the history of the United States. The slaughter started the debate over gun control laws, bullying, high school cliques, and subcultures. As a result there was an increase on school security that implemented a zero tolerance policy, there was fear over the goth culture, social outcasts, and gun culture, teenage internet usage, pharmaceutical antidepressants used by teens, and violence incorporated in videoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Columbine Shooters1232 Words   |  5 PagesPsychopath: The FBI’s Analysis of the Killers Motives† The Columbine Alamac (20 April 2004) Janofsky, Michael. Year Later, Columbine Is Learning to Cope While Still Searching for Answers. 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Women and Minorities in Psychology Free Essays

Before the call war women and minorities were not allowed to pursue higher education and were discouraged to study the sciences because of their lack of Intelligence. However, Margaret Washburn was the first woman to graduate with a doctorate In psychology studying with Ethylene In the area of visual Imagery on tactile sensitivity, (Goodwin, 2008). Dry. We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Minorities in Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Washburn went on to become the president of the American Psychology Association in 1921 (Goodwin, 2008). African Americans were referred to as a â€Å"beast of burden† as was thought of as being even more inferior than the lowly female and it was the life that that if African Americans were educated it would encourage them to think about freedom ( Goodwin, 2008). During the post-civil war era African American’s were allowed to attend a limited number of separate but equal schools, most attained teaching degrees and returned to their communities as teachers. Those African American’s who did earn an advanced degree in psychology according to Goodwin (2008), had a very limited opportunity to use their degrees other than teaching at a â€Å"black college†. Francis Sumner was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree in psychology in 1920 (Goodwin, 2008). Because of the school of thought at the time in the 19th century of the superiority of the white male’s women and people of color were not granted the opportunity to pursue a higher education in the case of African American no education at all. They were treated marginally and living on the fringe of society as having no value as a human being at all. Women and people of color were disenfranchised and deem to have little or nothing to offer. Many African Americans credit W. E. Dubious as being the first African American psychology because he wrote so eloquent about the psychological struggles of African American in his classic work entitled The Souls of Black Folk’s. The omission of women and people of color from the field of psychology, any psychology results would not have been an accurate because of the blabs of the studies; over half of the population was not included. Reference: Contributions of African Americans to the Held of Psychology Shells R. Black, Susie A. Spence and Gasify R. Omar Journal of Black Studies Volvo. 35, No. 1 (Seep. , 2004), up. 40_64 Goodwin, C. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology, 3rd Deed. USA: John Wiley Sons, By Sandy beyond simple reading and writing it would have a dangerous effects would be not e good for a women health ( Goodwin, 2008). How to cite Women and Minorities in Psychology, Papers

PTSD free essay sample

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a very important topic because it can affect many people now, and with todays’ society, can be a very touchy but interesting topic. One out of every three troops has been diagnosed with PTSD and less than 40% have found or looked for help. 1 out of 5 active duty soldiers try to commit suicide every day (PTSD Foundation of America). In the mid 1970’s the term was added to the DSM III (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). It was not until 1980 that the term PTSD was formally recognized. In 1987, a revised edition (DSM III-R) was released with a new diagnostic criteria which made a huge impact for our veterans and their diagnosis (Unknown). In 2007, PTSD was at its highest for diagnosis in the military. Experts think that PTSD occurs in about 11-20 veterans out of 100 who served in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). We will write a custom essay sample on PTSD or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs). PTSD is a very misunderstood and ignored condition that affects many military veterans returning from war and causes very stressful situations for their families and the people around them who need to be provided with more education and services to help them with the healing process after returning home. Post- traumatic stress disorder is caused by an exposure to very stressful events or series of events. These events are usually very harmful to one or others and are normally very sudden causing the person not to have time to prep themselves for it (Shiraldi Ph. D. ). The symptoms almost make complete sense once you get an understanding of it. Some signs of PTSD can be easily seen by bystanders others are more overlooked. A simple sign of post- traumatic stress disorder is an increased anxiety level. It is a typical stress response for many people. Also a way to notice PTSD is abuse. Abuse comes in many forms. Physical abuse is trying hurt oneself or others on purpose or not on purpose. There is also alcohol abuse and narcotic abuse. This is the abuse of alcoholic drinks, drugs, and prescription medication. There is also mental abuse. This abuse is very different because the person is mentally putting themselves down with the â€Å"what if’s† and negative thoughts and that’s what can hurt the most. A very noticeable sign is being triggered by something. These triggers could be sights, sounds, smells, tastes, pain, significant dates or seasons, stress, events, emotions, thoughts, behaviors, out of the blue events, or a combination of things (Shiraldi Ph. D. ). These triggers could set them off and make them stress or have certain flashbacks that could severely affect them. A silent symptom of post- traumatic stress disorder is depression. People can get into this down streak and not be able to get out of it. The signs and symptoms of PTSD are very similar. They can lead them down a very dark road for the person experiencing them. Anxiety is another symptom of PTSD; it may show as excessive worry to tension. Impulsive behaviors would be noticeable by loved ones or co-workers, examples would be shopping sprees, sudden vacations. Other symptoms that might be noticeable are chronic pain (headaches, painful joints), hypertension, skin problems, heavy limbs, fainting and tingling body parts. The most difficult symptom for most is a complete change in personality. When these symptoms are recognized early, it is helpful in the diagnosis and recovery (Fischer). The diagnosis of PTSD is very hard because it can sometimes be misunderstood for something else. It helps to a diagnosis of PTSD when one knows of the trauma that took place. The person may have been exposed to a stressor, had their life disrupted or had a re-experiencing of a traumatic event. Awareness is the key because you should always be aware of what is happening around you and to know when to get help. The criterion for diagnosing PTSD has changed over the years. Recent changes have included PTSD as an anxiety disorder. The diagnosis for PTSD is essential in receiving the proper treatment and education as soon as possible to begin the healing process. The treatment of PTSD is sometimes very difficult and sometimes almost seeming impossible for someone experiencing the symptoms of PTSD. All people have different signs and symptom of PTSD and that can cause fear of people not knowing they are suffering from PTSD and may look at them as crazy. They have an enormous fear sometimes of people not knowing their thoughts or being able to understand them. In treatment there are many trained therapists and counselors that can help. Veterans are also taught to keep themself in control and learn to trust again in order to heal. They also need to be willing to get treatment and be willing to let it all go. There are many forms of treatment; they can get both mental health and therapeutic help. There are also survivor groups to help with them with their situation. There are also self- help treatment plans that involve them managing their PTSD on their own with little guidance. During their treatment they will need support. The veteran will need a strong support system surrounding them during their recovery. Their support system may include friends, family, therapists, doctors and anyone important to them. These people are going to be important in cheering them on to get better and showing them the positives to life instead of the negatives. The self- healing portion is very important also because it involves the veteran as a person finding themselves again. In self- healing they learn to recover and get better on their own. It is very important to do this because it is all about them and their recovery. There are seven (7) principles of healing that will greatly impact ones healing process (Shiraldi Ph.D. ). In self-healing there are approaches in helping with transforming the feelings a person might have (Shiraldi Ph. D. ). Self-healing can be done with family or alone. Some self-healing may be experienced by practicing yoga, meditation and exercise (Paulson). Some veterans have chosen to take on old hobbies, find old friends and connect with other veterans. Positive outlook into self- healing, self-love and self-care can also be practical and sensible in the process of recovery from PTSD. The process of PTSD is sometimes very long for some, others it is a quick process. The process starts at the traumatic event. For our veterans these events are very stressful and harmful. Then after the event they have a spiral downfall into PTSD. Once they have a diagnosis of PTSD, the ups and downs of healing are tough on all involved. The treatment and self-healing will lead them into recovery, some sooner than others. In the recovery, there may be a few struggles and after that they have nothing but growth. It all depends on the type of person you are and the experience you went through, but the process is very important for everyone with PTSD. The early diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder goes back to the civil war. It was not called PTSD then but it had similar symptoms as it does today. There were many men that struggled to get a diagnosis because of the people being unaware of it. During the WWI, it was known as combat neurosis or shell shock. During the WWII, it was known as battle fatigue or operational fatigue. Some other names for it were war neurosis, irritable heart and soldiers’ heart. Many people told these soldiers with this condition to â€Å"Go home and get over it†. It was very tough being a soldier or combat soldier back then (Paulson). They were faced with traumatic stressors everyday but in training they were trained to face those and move on without feeling anything. Well, one can only do that until they break. That break can be very hard for them and sometimes they do not have anyone to support them back then. About one of 4 individuals exposed to a stressor back then got PTSD. In 2005, the U. S. national center for PTSD reported that about 30% of combat veterans have suffered from PTSD (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs). The past treatment of PTSD is very different from now. Back then things were more strict and hidden and less open. So when a soldier came out about the problem it was not handled delicately. He was normally just ignored and was expected to recover on his own. There was very little help occasionally when they were home they could get therapeutic help but sometimes that was not offered or they did not have the money. There were medications to help but they were quite costly for that time period. Family is very important in the healing process and it is very hard to go through without a family that supports you. In the family they also may struggle with secondary PTSD (Stocker). Secondary PTSD is felt by the witness or bystander. The most common thing felt from secondary PTSD is anxiety. Anxiety is completely understandable to go through. Having to watch someone go through a traumatic event is awful. They also may experience depression during this time. Depression is also very common in secondary PTSD. The most common treatment for secondary PTSD is medications to control the symptoms. Also, seeing a therapist help to relive it may be helpful for some. Secondary PTSD is just as important as regular PTSD and needs to be diagnosed and treated. They both have the same signs and symptoms; it just depends on the person. The support from the family is very important in recovery. The family needs to be supporting them at all times. Even the littlest things mean the most to the person struggling. It will be hard for the family also at times to see their loved one go through this but they have to be strong for them. The support is one of the most necessary things a person needs to get better. The need to be shown the brightness in their lives and how it good it is now and that it is ok to let go of the past. The support of a family might be physical or emotional but always must remain positive. A positive support system is needed for both the family and the PTSD sufferer to help them survive the struggles of recovery. The family also might struggle through the different ways of handling the pain. The family might be put at risk, as the person suffering might be abusive, dangerous, or just not good to be around. Sometimes it is easy for the family to support them through this but sometimes it may not be due to the risk of it. They might not be able to handle the pressure and stress from the recovery process. There may become a moment when the family is forced to make this decision of staying around them or leaving. It might be to the point the ailing person may have put the family at risk of harm or have put too much on them emotionally and mentally. Some people cannot take this and are forced to leave. This is the best choice for them but sometimes not for the person suffering. It is one of the hardest decisions to make especially when you have exhausted all your resources and have nothing left to do and nothing seems to ever get better. The family could also develop depression or other symptoms from being involved with a person with PTSD. The ailing person may have proposed harm to his or her family and have forced them out. Sometimes people are forced to do what is best for themselves and their children. It is a very tricky situation to be put in. You may also have to leave because you may be starting to get down and have thoughts of hurting themselves or others. A parent must also put their children first, if there are children to be considered, is this type of environment the best for them. The harm and pain of PTSD is felt everywhere in the victim and the family. Some of the symptoms of PTSD may not have been diagnosed properly and those may be hurting the family the most. Many of the symptoms and signs of PTSD are overlooked because of our society today. When veterans come back from war sometimes the symptoms are not as noticeable. The symptoms of PTSD may not be seen until the veteran is in a social environment away from the military environment. The symptoms of PTSD are misdiagnosed and over-looked due to lack of knowledge about the trauma or the symptoms are not severe. The diagnosis criterion has been changed several times over the years which also have contributed to the symptoms of PTSD being over-looked in our veterans. In years to come the symptoms and criteria are being re-evaluated for our veterans and the name might be changed to an injury. When the name changes the veterans are hopeful they will acquire more services. There are services available to the veterans to help them over-come PTSD. The veteran’s hospitals offer cognitive therapy, physical therapy and out-patient therapy programs. There are programs starting up across the U. S. offering service dogs for veterans with PTSD, ex. Soldiers Best Friend. There are a number of privately funded resources that are available to soldiers upon their return. There are some governmental and non-governmental resources for veterans and their families that have informational brochures on PTSD. Many resources that provide services can help a veteran obtain education information for the families (Paulson). PTSD is a very misunderstood and ignored condition that affects many military veterans returning from war and causes very stressful situations for their families and the people around them who need to be provided with more education and services to help them with the healing process after returning home. Educating the family of someone with PTSD is important. The family and/or support of the patient suffering PTSD need the education to help in the recovery of PTSD. There are several educational resources at your local veteran’s office. The government website for veteran affairs offers many educational points. Many religious groups such as, Coming Home Collaborative or the American Legion, are always helpful in providing education with veterans (Paulson). Do you know a veteran recovering from PTSD? Works Cited: Andreasen, Nancy. Brainline. 2011. Weta. . Fischer, Hannah. Corporate Research Service.

The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea Free Online Research Papers In his 1952 novella, The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway tells the story in a language of great simplicity and power. It is the story of a Cuban fisherman who is down on his luck, and is engaged in an epic battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulfstream. Written in a style of prose that Hemingway mastered throughout his literary career, the author recasts his classic theme of courage in the face of defeat, and personal triumph won from great loss. The Old Man and the Sea is the perfect medium for the author to turn situations surrounding his life into a hugely successful fictional tale, which, shocks the literary world, and wins the Pulitzer Prize in 1953. Set in a small fishing village near Havana, Cuba, this story coincides with the events of Hemingway’s life at the time of publishing. Hemingway spent much of his life bouncing between Havana and the Florida Keys. He is an aficionado of bull fighting and big game hunting, and is considered to be one of the greatest sport fishermen of his time. His knowledge of fishing is heavily prevalent throughout this novella, and is displayed beautifully in the descriptive manner in which he writes. This novella has three main characters that all revolve around a central idea, which is a great love and respect for one another. Those characters are: the old man Santiago, the boy Manolin, and the marlin. Santiago is described in great detail by the author in the following passage. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the side of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. (Hemingway, 1952, 10) This passage does more than detail Santiago’s physical appearance; it sums up his character in one word, undefeated. Santiago is a very proud man who refuses to be defeated. Although widely respected by many of the villagers, most notably Manolin, he has gone eighty four days now without a fish, making him â€Å"salao, which is the worst form of unlucky† (Hemingway, 1952, 9). This causes Santiago to be made fun of by many of the other fisherman, although it does not bother him. He has great belief in himself and is sure his luck will turn around. Santiago is a fan of American baseball, especially the great Joe DiMaggio. He inwardly compares himself to DiMaggio in many ways, and is proud to be as worthy at fishing as DiMaggio is at baseball. He loves being a fisherman and has a genuine love for the sea. He has a great respect for the power and beauty of nature, which can be seen in the following quote: â€Å"Man is not much beside the great birds and beasts† (Hemi ngway, 1952, 68). Santiago has been fishing for many years and is at peace when he is at sea. His knowledge of fishing techniques has been refined over the course of many years, and he relies on this heavily throughout the story. Hemingway’s own knowledge of the sport is detailed through this character. Santiago lives alone in a little shack, and has no real friends other than Manolin. His relationship with the boy is similar to that of a father and son. This relationship can be viewed best through the way Manolin looks up to the old man. Manolin is a boy, somewhere in his early teens. He has been fishing with Santiago since the age of five. It becomes clear very early in the book that Manolin loves and respects the old man as a boy would his father. Manolin takes care of the old man in exchange for the knowledge the old man possesses. In the opening pages of the novella, Manolin runs to the shore after a day of fishing with a lucky boat, to help Santiago carry his belongings home. He tells the old man about his day and asks how the old man fared. He is genuinely upset that Santiago has gone eighty four days without a fish. He takes it upon himself to get fresh bait for the old man to use in the morning, and to get a hot meal, saying: â€Å"You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive† (Hemingway, 1952, 19). During dinner, Manolin asks to hear stories from Santiago, ranging from fishing to baseball. To one of these stories, Manolin replies: â€Å"There are many good fishermen and some grea t ones. But there is only you† (Hemingway, 1952, 23). Their relationship is one of genuine love for each other. Before leaving for the night, Manolin asks the old man to wake him in the morning because it makes him feel inferior to have his boss wake him. This shows that the boy views Santiago not as a boss, but as a friend. The old man wakes Manolin and the two have breakfast together before the boy helps carry Santiago’s gear to the boat. He wishes him good luck and the two part ways. This is the last we see of Manolin for a very long time. The next character to surface in the book is the great blue marlin. Although the marlin has no lines in this novella, the story would not be possible without him. The marlin personifies everything that Santiago stands for. He is like Santiago’s God, and the old man prays repeatedly to a God he doesn’t believe in throughout the book, if He will allow him to land this magnificent fish. The marlin is described beautifully by the author in the following quote. He was bright in the sun and his head and back were dark purple and in the sun the stripes on his sides showed wide and a light lavender. His sword was as long as a baseball bat and tapered like a rapier and he rose his full length from the water and then re-entered it, smoothly, like a diver and the old man saw the great scythe-blade of his tail go under and the line commenced to race out. (Hemingway, 1952, 62-63) Santiago estimates the marlin to be over 1500 pounds, and says: â€Å"He is two feet longer than the skiff† (Hemingway, 1952, 63). We learn at the end of the novella that the fish measures eighteen feet in length. This is the only physical description the author gives of the marlin, in a book that is written in a vividly descriptive manner. This is because all of the pages written about the marlin describe him in a God like manner. He is Santiago’s Holy Grail, and his conquest to capture the marlin becomes an obsession. As the writer has already stated, the marlin represents everything that Santiago stands for. The old man says as much when he says that he and the fish are brothers. The great love and respect Santiago shows for the marlin is detailed repeatedly throughout this novella. This leads into Santiago’s character conflicts. Despite his unlucky streak of eighty four days without a fish, and the loss of respect from some of the other fishermen, Santiago’s spirits are rather high going into this fishing trip. His real conflict begins when he hooks the marlin, and this struggle accounts for more than half of the novella. The old man’s love and respect for nature, and this great fish, cause him to have mixed emotions. His pride takes over however, which gives him a determination to land the marlin that defines his character. This is a battle of wills between these two characters, which, is â€Å"the thing that I was born for† (Hemingway, 1952, 50). Santiago battles fatigue and a decline in his physical health during this battle, but this only strengthens his will to land this magnificent fish. He tells the fish, â€Å"I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends† (Hemingway, 1952, 54 ). This is a promise the old man cannot keep, because he battles the marlin for two and a half days before he is able to slay this magnificent creature. Unable to tie the cord to the skiff for fear that the fish might break a taut line, Santiago bears the strain of the fish with his shoulders, back, and hands. The entire time he endures constant pain from the line, ready to let out line should the marlin make a run. At one point his left hand cramps so badly that he cannot open it. His pride will not allow him to accept this however, and he calls the hand a traitor. Every time the fish lunges forward, Santiago endures deep cuts across his hands, ever deepening his determination to land this beast. The physical pain allows Santiago to forge a connection with the marlin, showing that he is well matched, that the fish is a worthy opponent, and that he is a worthy fisherman because he can fight the fish so well. Once the old man lands the marlin, he has a new problem that he has to deal with. The author foreshadows this event by writing: â€Å"Unless sharks come. If sharks come, God pity him and me† (Hemingway, 1952, 68). He lashes the fish to the boat and begins his journey back to port. He eats a little and drinks some water in order to clear his head, but only gets an hour to rest before he is engaged in a new battle. It is then that the first shark hits the marlin carcass. Keeping true to form, Santiago refuses to let the shark ruin his catch. He kills the mighty mako with his harpoon. During this exchange he loses his harpoon and a length of rope, leaving him vulnerable to more shark attacks. He makes a crude spear by lashing his knife to an oar. This allows him to fight off several more sharks, but as night falls, and more and more sharks appear, the fight becomes useless. The sharks devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving Santiago â€Å"destroyed but not defeate d† (Hemingway, 1952, 103), and chastising himself for going out too far, and sacrificing a worthy opponent. The loss of the marlin truly devastates Santiago, since he loves and respects the fish like a brother. There is also a deep emotional conflict going on inside of this character. Starting early in the book and reoccurring frequently, Santiago lets his feelings for the boy become known. During the battle with the marlin he says repeatedly, â€Å"I wish I had the boy† (Hemingway, 1952, 45). He says this in some manner on almost every other page. Although he is too proud to admit that he could use the boy’s help to bring in the marlin, it is clear that he misses the companionship. He wishes the boy could be there for the battle of a life time. Santiago is an old man who is nearing the end of his physical existence, but is assured that he will live on in spirit through his mentorship of the boy. The old man has much to teach the boy, and is genuinely upset that the boy is not fishing with him anymore. Although the relationship started out as a working relationship, it has evolved into one of mutual love and respect. This brings us to Manolin’s character conflict. Due to Santiago’s recent unlucky streak, Manolin’s parents have forced the boy to go out on a different fishing boat. The boy, however, still cares deeply for the old man and does not want to give up on him. He states this on page twelve by saying: â€Å"If I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some other way† (Hemingway, 1952). The boy feels some resentment towards his father for making him leave Santiago, especially since the old man has taught him everything he knows about fishing. As the writer has already stated, the boy looks up to the old man like a father. The stories that he wants to hear from Santiago early in the novel, are from the early days of their fishing career together, when the boy was just five years old. Manolin also struggles with the idea of Santiago being gone for four days at sea, alone in his skiff. The boy is worried that something has happened to Santiago, but belie ves in his abilities as a fisherman, and anxiously awaits the old man’s return. The marlin’s conflict throughout this novella is described through Santiago’s conflict. They are one in the same, making the battle between the two characters even more compelling. This magnificent creature is in a battle for his life, pinned against a very worthy and determined opponent. They both endure similar situations, although Santiago is able to get sustenance during the battle while the marlin is not. Neither is able to rest, but Santiago is able to find a position that is almost comfortable. The marlin also has to deal with the pain of having a hook in his mouth, which is similar to the pain of holding the fishing line. After two days of steady pulling, the fish makes a run unexpectedly. It is an attempt to catch his foe off guard, to which the old man replies, â€Å"You’re feeling it now, fish. And so, God knows, am I† (Hemingway, 1952, 56). The marlin does everything in his power to outsmart his captor, but the old man proves to be a formi dable opponent, who has more determination. This exchange between man and beast leads to the climax of the novella. After being locked in an epic battle of wills for three days, the old man’s determination wins out. The marlin is not willing to give up completely, but he is worn down enough for the old man to begin gaining line. The fish starts circling the boat, allowing Santiago to gain a little more line with each pass. As the hours pass, the old man becomes even more determined to bring the marlin in, as he knows the battle is coming to an end. He feels sad at the same time because he feels that no one is worthy to eat this magnificent fish. As the fish nears the skiff, Santiago is ready with the harpoon. He makes several attempts to reach the fish without success, before finally getting the marlin close enough to drive the harpoon straight through its heart. He pushes it through a second time, to make sure he has killed the marlin. Santiago is overcome with joy, but is also deeply saddened by killing this magn ificent creature. The story ends in a manner that is classic to most of Hemmingway’s writing. It details personal triumph through great defeat. After the sharks destroy Santiago’s prize, he returns to his village with a feeling of great loss. He feels as though he has betrayed the fish and also himself, but at the same time he is reborn in the eyes of the villagers. This does not matter to Santiago; all that matters to him is that he escaped the ordeal with his pride intact. He does not feel defeated; however, he is saddened by the loss. Although Santiago’s health at this point has declined to an alarming level, his pride will not allow him to accept help. He carries his mast up the beach, although he has to rest five times to get there. The boy is excited to see him and cannot wait to hear the details of the trip. He tells the old man that he will fish with him from now on, despite what his father says. He is also anxious to get the gear and supplies that the two will need t o go out fishing. His love and respect for the old man runs deeper than ever, proving that there is something good to come from what Santiago views as a great loss. In the closing pages, we find out that the marlin is the largest that anyone has ever seen, measuring eighteen feet in length. It is mistaken by some of the tourists for a shark due to its great size. This only helps to strengthen the legacy that Santiago will leave behind in his death. There are several reasons why the writer recommends this book to anyone who enjoys reading. The first reason is the beautifully descriptive manner in which the author writes this novella. The pages in this book are full of passages which make the reader feel as if they are in the story. As is customary in Hemingway’s novels, this book flows from beginning to end in a way that keeps the reader hanging onto every page, waiting for the next paragraph. The second reason is the content of this novella. As a man who loves the sea, and has a great respect for the beauty of nature, the writer feels that Hemingway does an excellent job in expressing his love of these things through Santiago’s character. From the very beginning of this novella, the author expresses the virtues that have become important to him in his own life, through Santiago. There are many examples of this throughout this novella, but the best examples can be seen through the pride Santiago shows in his knowledge of fishing. This is the final reason that the writer recommends this book. The writer has spent many years of his life, out on the sea, in pursuit of big fish. The knowledge that accompanies that pursuit, allows the writer to truly appreciate the depth of knowledge Hemingway possesses on the sport, which, can again be seen through Santiago. From the use of birds as a fishing aid, to knowing he can find fish along the Sargasso weed line, Santiago constantly shows the reader that he is an old man who has truly mastered his craft. In this manner, Santiago teaches the reader, just as he has taught the boy, how to be a successful fisherman. Although there are a number of other reasons why this book is enjoyable to read, these three are personal to the writer. However, many other people view this novella as a powerful literary work. The huge success of this novella helps to confirm Hemingway’s power and presence in the literary world, and plays a large part in him winning the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. Bloom, Harold, ed. Bloom’s BioCritques Ernest Hemingway. Pennsylvania: Chelsea, 2002. Print. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Scribner, 1952. Print. The Old Man and the Sea. Dir. Fuisz, Robert and William Storke. Wellspring, 2002. Film. SPARKNOTES. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Spark, 2007. Print. ? Research Papers on The Old Man and the SeaMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

What Are College Prep Courses and Classes

What Are College Prep Courses and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips College prep is a confusing term because it can refer to three different things! Sometimes, calling something a college prep class is just a way to differentiate it from remedial classes on the one hand, and honors/AP classes on the other. Other times, college prep is a way of describing a bunch of government or private programs that are designed to increase access to college for those who would ordinarily be unlikely to go. And finally, college prep is a short name for high schools that place an overwhelming emphasis on getting their students into college. But don’t worry. Whether you want to read about standard high school classes, learn about programs that will make college easier, or are curious about public and private high schools that really stress college admission, you've come to the right place. #1: College Prep = Standard Core High School Curriculum Since the goal of high school is to prepare students for college, it makes sense that the classes that you take in high school are called "college prep classes." After all, the way you get ready for college is by learning what there is to learn in high school! Actually, those are books - they're for reading, not chinups. So, the first and most common definition of the term "college prep" is the core requirements of a high school education. They differ from school to school, but typically go something like this: 4 years of English 3 years of math 3 years of science 3 years of social studies In states and districts that require a high school exit exam in order to graduate, these are the subjects that this exit exam is based on. For example, Massachusetts doesn’t let students graduate unless they can pass the MCAS exam in English, math, and one science or technology subject. College Prep vs. Honors/AP vs. Remedial Classes Because "college prep" refers to the coreset of high school classes, this term has basically become the way to identify the standard class level. College Prep is the class you will take when you are not being challenged by the honors or AP version of a class, and when you are not placed into the remedial version of the class for catch-up. College Prep Classes and the Big Decision When you start planning your high school curriculum, you'll face a tough decision. Should you stick with the standard (or college prep) classes in order to have a higher GPA, or should you challenge yourself and take the Honors or AP course where you’ll probably do a little worse? The answer is: challenge yourself - within reason. Typically, you should go with the harder level class if you think you can earn a B or higher because generally,most colleges would rather see a B in an Honors or AP course than a set of straight A's in college prep classes. Straight As in all college prep courses looks like you are avoiding the challenge of honors/AP, and colleges don’t like challenge-avoidance in their applicants. Don't get trapped by the lure of easy A's! The idea is to demonstrate that you are challenging yourself, and also that you are mastering the material.Getting a B grade says â€Å"I’m just very slightly reaching past my grasp.† On the other hand, avoiding honors or AP classes where you will most likely geta C or D shows self-knowledge and mature judgment - another thing colleges tend to value. Taking too many honors and AP classes and ending up with mostly C's and D's implies that the standard classes would have been a better fit. So what should you do? Our advice is to try to take 1-2 of honors or AP courses, maybe in subjects you feel most comfortable in, or those where your strengths lie, or those you’re most interested in pursuing further. To check out the different options, check out our guides that break down each core subject progression: The high school math classesyou should take Thehigh school English classesyou should take Thehigh school science classesyou should take Thehigh school history classesyou should take #2: College Prep = Programs to Increase College Access Sometimes the term "college prep" is a way of referring to a set of programs that work to increase college access, especially for students who are least likely to enroll. These programs focus on building academic skills, handle college admissions or financial aid, involve families and mentors, and sometimes incorporate service projects. With the right support, anything is possible. Here are some examples, divided into federal, state, university, and community-based categories. The Federal TRIO Programs These programs are targeted to assist low-income, first-generation, and disabled students. Upward Bound is for students from low-income backgrounds that have inadequate secondary school preparation. Students from traditionally underrepresented groups areexposed to a simulated college experience that is rich in academic and motivational support. Students receive tutoring, counseling and individualized instruction to help get ready for college. Talent Search serves low-income, first-generation students. The program provides a range of counseling services to help students graduate from high school and earn a college degree. The Student Support Services Program (SSS) helps low-income, first-generation and disabled students attain a college degree. Support services provide students with needed help through academic advising, career counseling, mentoring, tutoring, financial aid guidance, and some financial aid. Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs (GEAR UP). GEAR UP works to increase college awareness and preparation among low-income and minority students from seventh grade through high school graduation, providing them with intensive tutoring, mentoring, college/career planning information, and sometimes also scholarships. State Programs New York, California and New Jersey'sEducational Opportunity Programs serve students who have shown potential for success in college but have not completed typical college preparatory programs in high school due to economic or personal disadvantages. New York also has thePre-Collegiate Preparation Programs which develops collaborative partnerships between colleges, schools, community organizations, parents, students, business, and government so thatstudents in New York State have every opportunity to be successful learners. California Student Opportunity and Access Program (Cal-SOAP) seeks to raise the achievement of low-income and first-generation K-12 students and provide them with the opportunity to attend higher education. Florida’s College Reach-Out Program (CROP) provides educational support to low-income, academically disadvantaged students in sixth through 12th grade by helping students develop and maintain the knowledge, skills and attitude necessary to successfully pursue and complete a college education. University Programs The University of California Early Academic Outreach Program (EAOP) is a pre-collegiate student academic development program that provides academic enrichment, entrance exams preparation, academic advising, and college knowledge. The University of Colorado's Pre-Collegiate Program is an academic enhancement program designed to motivate first-generation and underrepresented students middle and high school students to pursue higher education. Community and Nonprofit Programs Sometimes a little local support is what you need. Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) is a program to prepare mid-rank fifth to 12th grade students for college, bringing out the best in students and closing the achievement gap. The "I Have a Dream"Program helps children from low-income areas reach their education and career goals by providing a long-term program of mentoring, tutoring and enrichment with an assured opportunity for higher education. ENLACE increases opportunities for Latinos to enter and complete college. #3: College Prep = Schools Focusing on Successful College Application Finally, "college prep" can refer to a specific type of high school, where lots of focus is placed on the concept of college. These schools can be public, private, boarding, parochial, and charter schools - just as long as what they most emphasize is getting into and graduating from college. College admission - and graduation - makes the world your oyster. Here are some examples of these kinds of schools: At Gateway High School, a charter school in San Francisco, all 9th gradersvisit a college on their first day of school. At Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School in St. Louis, students earn up to 18 hours of college credit before they leave high school. At the Gary Lighthouse Charter Schools, every student researches colleges and develops a list of reach and safety schools and writes a paper outlining their plan for applying to college. In fact, students don’t earn a high school diploma if they aren’t accepted to at least one college. What’s Next? Interested in learning more aboutcollege preparatory programs in your state? The best place to start is searching NACAC'sdirectory of college access programs. Want to see how rigorous a curriculum you should go for? Check out our discussion of what makes course load challenging. Worried your GPA is too low to try for an honors or AP course? See how your numbers stack up in our good GPA/bad GPA roundup. Exploring your less-competitive college options? Learn about your options for the best colleges with low GPA requirements. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Get eBook: 5 Tips for 160+ Points // Free eBook: 5 Tips to 4+ Points on the ACT //

Business Organisation & Policy Topshop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Organisation & Policy Topshop - Essay Example High street retail business like Topshop has been affected by a number of factors like price and cost pressure, concentration in the industry etc. Topshop specializes in women’s fashion products such as clothing and apparels. This retail sector is expanding both horizontally and vertically with retailers taking broader strategies to adapt to it (Burt and Sparks, 2003, p. 15). Polarisation increases in the sector with the growth of the bigger companies. Hence, innovation is the critical element which the retailers need to do for their development. With economies opening them to outer world, the competition is increasing and the retailers are developing strategy to survive. But while developing strategy they need to take into consideration the external factors which will impact them. Political Structure and Trends Topshop and other high street outlets i.e. its competitors are affected by the political structure in a number of ways. One of the main way that politician in UK can affect the high street retail outlet businesses is through their exercise of power in the land-use planning system. Though land-use planning is the function of local authority, the national government can intervene in for the development and growth of high street retail outlet business like Topshop. Recently there have been restrictions on green field development project and hence it is becoming harder for retailers to open in the new shopping centres (Bluff, 2012, p.15). Therefore, as a high street outlet, Topshop needs to take a close look at current business policies and re-strategise their decisions for future expansion. The environment of shopping has changed over the years, because the shoppers can now choose between the leisure and experience component. They now face a more functional price driven appeal from the shoppers (APCO Worldwide, 2012, p. 4). With technological advancement the price has become a major component as the consumers can easily compare the price. Hence, the company needs to offer products of varied price ranges and develop and implement effective branding and promotional strategies so that they can position themselves differentially in the market. The competition commission in UK has found out that consumer have accepted many of the changes in the high street retail sector like the online shopping. As discussed the land-use planning affects the location of the outlets, there are other instruments which governments can use to affect the operations like retail trading legislations and the public policies which regulate such working conditions of the industry, like employment practices etc. Economic Structures and Trends The UK high street retail sector is affected by the macro-level position of the country. If the general economic condition is good this sector will experien ce a high volume of retails sales. If the economic condition of the country improves then there is a possibility of significant investment by other players. Like in India with the Opening up of FDI in the retail sector, many foreign retailers like Walmart, Ikea is going to open themselves up in the country. Like in UK

Analysis of Terror Attack in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Terror Attack in the USA - Assignment Example However, there were survivors, and an example is Leaky Behrman (Harrington, 2014). During this attack, she spent most of the time helping in rescue efforts, despite being one of the victims. She recently came to our University and gave a lecture on her experiences during this time. One of the lessons from this lecture is that the surviving victims of the terror attack were emotionally affected by the events. For example, Behrman argues that the first ten years were very painful to her. This is because she had sad memories of the attacks, which were brought forth with memories of death and injuries. During this period of time, Behrman argues that she was able to reflect on the events, and as each year passed, she was able to heal. However, it took a long period of time, before she was able to acknowledge that this event was a tragedy. From these arguments, I was able to learn that terrorism has a very negative consequence. Terror attacks would cause emotional instability and pain. People suffering from these conditions normally take a long period of time to heal. For example, since the September 11th attacks, the American civilian population has not healed. This is because Americans are still vulnerable to terror groups, which are natured by Al-Qaeda, a major terrorist organization that America was fighting. These groups include Al-Shabaab in Somalia, and ISIS, in Middle-East. ISIS is accused of carrying out barbaric attacks against Americans, and this includes the beheading of James Foley (Glenza, 2014). Such kind of attacks has made Americans feel insecure since they are vulnerable to terror attacks. This is the reason why the president declared war on ISIS, the terror group. It is important to denote that ISIS is an affiliate of Al-Qaeda, a terror group that America has spent over the last ten years fighting. In conclusion, this event was very beneficial to me.  

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay Chronic disease is a disease of a long duration and generally slow progression (WHO, 2010). The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics states that a chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more. These chronic diseases normally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just vanish. Chronic diseases are mainly caused by three major risk factors tobacco use, poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Majority of these risk factors are themselves worsened by poor socioeconomic determinants, such as lack of education and poverty. Most often these determinants are a indication of the main forces driving social, economic and cultural transition, including globalisation, urbanisation and an aging populations. Chronic diseases are affecting population health as the epidemiological transition progresses and are the lead cause of mortality worldwide and pose increasing problems for the burden of disease and quality of life in developed and developing countries (WHO, 2003). Non communicable diseases include a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory disease, mental-health problems and musculo- skeletal disorders. The first four mentioned above account for approximately 50% of mortality globally, and share behavioural risk factors, such as excess calorie consumption, diets high in saturated and transfatty acids, excessive intake of alcohol, physical inactivity, and tobacco smoking. Approximately 35 million people have died from heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases in the year 2005. The burdens of these diseases are equally shared among men and women, and are more prevalent in people under the age 70 (WHO, 2004). 80% of chronic disease deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Figure 1: Global distribution of total deaths (58 million) by cause in 2005. The age-specific death rates between the years 2005 2015 are projected to fluctuate slightly, Nevertheless, the ageing populations will result in an overall increase in chronic disease death rates for all ages combined. In 2005, all chronic diseases account for 72% of the total global burden of disease in the population aged 30 years and older. The total lost years of healthy life due to chronic diseases, as measured by DALYs, are greater in adults aged 30-59 years than for ages 60 years and older. More than 80% of the burden of chronic diseases occurs in people under the age of 70 years. Table 1: Projected global deaths and burden of disease due to chronic disease by age 2005- 2015 Deaths (Million) DALYs (millions) Deaths per 10000 DALYs per 100000 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 0-29 years 17 15 220 219 48 40 6320 5994 30-59 years 7 8 305 349 311 297 13304 13375 60-69 7 8 101 125 1911 1695 27965 26396 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥70 20 24 99 116 6467 6469 32457 31614 All ages 35 41 725 808 549 577 11262 11380 World Health Organization projects that, globally, NCD deaths will increase by 17% over the next ten years. The greatest increase of 27 %and 25 % respectively will be seen in the African region and the Eastern Mediterranean region (WHO,) 1.2 Types of chronic diseases 1.2.1Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease CVD is the term used by the scientific community to embrace not just conditions of the heart [ischemic heart disease (IHD), valvular, muscular, and congenital heart disease but also hypertension and conditions involving the cerebral, carotid, and peripheral circulation. The risk of CVD is related to diet, physical activity, and body ( ). The patterns of food supplies and of food and nutrition that modify the risk of CVD are also well known. Whereas CVD was once largely confined to high-income countries, it is now the number one cause of death worldwide as well as in low- and middle-income countries, where 80 percent of the worlds 13 million annual CVD deaths occur. And at least 21 million years of disability-adjusted life years (or DALYs, a measure of future productive life) are lost globally because of CVD each year. The vast majority of CVD can be attributed to conventional risk factors such as tobacco use, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, lipid abnormalities, obesity, and physical inactivity. Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of chronic disease death and were accounted for of 17 million deaths in 2002. It is estimated that by the year 2030, 24 million will die of CVD, of which 80% will occur in low and middle income countries (5). 1.2.2 Cancer Cancer is a major and growing disease burden worldwide. The number of new cancer cases is projected to increase from 10 million in 2000 to 15 million in 2020, 9 million of which would be in developing countries. The epidemiology of cancer in developing countries clearly differs from that in developed countries in important respects. While developed countries often have relatively high rates of lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer (some of which is tied to tobacco use, occupational carcinogens, and diet and lifestyle), up to 25% of cancers in developing countries is associated with chronic infections. Seven types of cancers account for approximately 60 percent of all newly diagnosed cancer cases and cancer deaths in developing countries: cervical, liver, stomach, esophageal, lung, colorectal, and breast. 1.2.3 Respiratory Diseases Chronic adult respiratory diseases-such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-are a major and growing burden in terms of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. COPD (which includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and obstructive airways disease) is largely linked with cigarette smoking as well as exposure to unvented coal-fired cooking stoves; it accounts for 2 percent of lost DALYs on a worldwide basis. 1.2.4 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes affects people worldwide and is one of the oldest diseases known. There are two common types of this disease: type 1and type 2 diabetes. Type-1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of all diagnosed diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. It accounts for 90-95% of diagnosed diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the worldwide prevalence of diabetes in adults to be around 173 million in 2002 and predicted that there will be at least 350 million people with Type 2 diabetes by 2030. At present about two-thirds of persons with diabetes live in developing countries and the majority of new cases will originate from these areas. The global increase in the incidence of diabetes is related to high levels of obesity associated with a change from traditional diets, diminishing levels of physical activity, population ageing and increasing urbanization. Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent form of diabetes on the global scale (6). For the past few decades, Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has predicted the global prevalence of all Diabetes will increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in the year 2030 (7). 1.2.5 Hypertension Another commonly occurring chronic disease is hypertension. High blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Hypertension is sustained high blood pressure (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥140/90mmHg). Blood pressure itself is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Each time the heart beats (about 60-70 times a minute at rest), it pumps blood into the arteries. Blood pressure is at its highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic blood pressure. When the heart is at rest, between beats, blood pressure falls. This is diastolic pressure. Blood pressure itself is not harmful it is essential as it is the force that drives blood through the blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the bodys organs and tissues and carry away waste materials. However, when blood pressure becomes too high it has damaging effects on almost every part of the body and can lead to serious illness and death. Hypertension is an important public health challenge worldwide because of its prevalence and its role as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Some of the risk factors of hypertension include obesity, alcohol, family history, and smoking. There are two types of hypertension, namely primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is more common, occurring in 90-95% of the hypertension population. There is no identifiable cause and it develops gradually over many years. Secondary hypertension occurs in 5-10% of the hypertension population. () In the year 2000 it was estimated that the total number of adults with hypertension was 972 million. Of these, 333 million were estimated to be in developed countries and 639 million in developing countries (0). Kearney PM et al., predicted that by the year 2025, the number of people with hypertension will increase by approximately 60% to a total of 1.56 billion. (Kearney PM et al., 2005) the reasons are the continuing population increase and changes in lifestyle, which includes a diet high in sugar and high-fat processed foods and sedentarism. 1.3 Impact of chronic disease in the Caribbean Caribbean countries are in epidemiological transition, where not only nutritional deficiencies have considerably declined but infectious diseases have also been disappearing. However, over the last thirty years, nutrition-related chronic non-communicable diseases have slowly emerged as the major public health problems. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have gradually displaced communicable diseases in the Caribbean. Rates of chronic non-communicable disease such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer have been increasing in the Caribbean and are the leading cause of mortality and mobility in the region (Ragoobirsinghet al., 1995, 2002; Wilkset al., 1998, 1999; Figueroaet al., 1999; Rotimi et al., 1999; Cruickshanket al., 2001, Figueroa, 2001; Sargeantet al., 2001; Henniset al., 2002a,b; Corbinet al., 2004; Wolfeet al., 2006). Of concern is the fact that while the prevalence and mortality rates of these diseases are highest in the elderly, they are not restricted to any one age group. An estimated 10% to 20% of the Caribbean population over 20 years of age suffers from diabetes and hypertension, respectively, with prevalence more than doubling at older ages (Hennis et al., 2002a, b). Hypertension and diabetes rank as the two leading chronic disorders among Caribbean populations and are also major risk factors for other diseases such as cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and coronary heart disease. Prevalence of chronic diseases in the Caribbean region over the pass 3 decades Another striking epidemic among the Caribbean population is the high prevalence of overweight [body mass index (BMI) >25 kg mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2] and obesity (BMI >30 kg mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2). Approximately half of the adult Caribbean population is overweight and 25% of adult Caribbean women are obese (Henry, 2004). The escalating trend in obesity is considered to be a major causative factor in chronic disease prevalence in the region. The increasing obesity levels, mainly among women, maybe associated with the changes in traditional diets and the adoption of sedentary lifestyles. In some the islands more than half of adult women are reported to be obese. Data from Barbados highlights the importance of obesity as a risk factor in chronic diseases. Based on available evidence, obese persons, (BMI>30) of 40-79 years had a 2.6 times greater risk of hypertension than persons with BMI 1.4 Impact of chronic disease in St. Lucia St. Lucia has undergone a significant demographic transition in the last 3 decades (Wilks, et al., 1998). Some features of this transition include the rise in the median age of the population from 20 years to 15 years between 1970 and 2010, the doubling of the proportion of persons older than 60 years old from 5000 to over 17,000 and the increase in life expectancy at birth from less than 50 years in 1950 to greater than 73 years in 2010 (World population prospectus, 2008). As a result, the main causes of illness and death in St. Lucia and many other Caribbean islands and regions at a similar state of development are the chronic non-communicable diseases (Sargeant et al., 2001). There is an increased prevalence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and obesity. (Wilks et al., 1998). Between 1992-1999 in St. Lucia, preventable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and circulatory systems accounted for 20.8% of deaths, with the major causes being cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and hypertensive disease. Other major causes of death were cancers (14.5%), disease of the digestive system (8.7%), and diabetes (7.2%) (8). Approximately 1,304 deaths were due to diseases of the circulatory system and was accounted for 33% of all reported deaths, death due to cerebrovascular was (35.9%), hypertensive disease (14.8%), and ischemic heart disease (13.6%) (Health in America, 1998). There were 731 deaths due to cardiovascular disease from 1996 to 1999, accounting for 19% of all deaths and 53 % of deaths ratio of 5.8:1. Most (21 or 62%) occurred in the 15-44 years age group, and had a male-female ratio of 9.5:1. Cardiac arrest caused 268 cardiovascular deaths (37%), ischemic heart disease 174 (24%), pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart disease 134 (18%), and heart failure 153 (21%). Females accounted for 359 (49%) of deaths due to cardiovascular disease, and persons 60 years of age or older accounted for 588 deaths (80%). (WHO statistics). Based on PAHO statistic St. Lucia is the tenth leading island in the Caribbean with high rates of non- communicable chronic disease, accounting for approximately 63%. Over the years prevalence of non communicable diseases have been increasing, in a survey done by the Kairi consultants limited in association with the national assessment team of St. Lucia concluded the following findings for the year 2005 to 2006 for the distribution of chronic disease in St. Lucia. Irrespective of per capita consumption quintile, high blood pressure was the most prevalent lifestyle disease affecting persons with diseases in St. Lucia. In every quintile group, it also shows that the prevalence of diabetes ranks second to high blood pressure as a life time disease affecting persons with diseases in St. Lucia. In each of the quintile groups, more than three fifths of the persons with diseases reported suffering from high blood pressure while more than one quarter reported suffering from diabetes. In the year 2007 diabetes and Hypertension were the two the most pervasive and worsening health problems facing the island of St Lucia. The diseases afflict a broad swath of people, young and old. St. Lucia has a population of approximately 160,000 thousand people, and of this 28.1%of the population have abnormal blood glucose or high blood sugar and 8.1% have diabetes (Graven et al., 2007). 20% of people over 40 years of age suffer with the disease (the ministry of health 2007). At least 35% of those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do not know that they have the condition (The Ministry of Health, 2008). In rural area of St. Lucia the proportion with undiagnosed diabetes is considerably higher (St. Lucia Diabetic Society, 2008). At the time of diagnosis, every tenth person with diabetes has already developed one or more micro- or macro-vascular complications (Ministry of Health, 2008). Diabetes is among the leading cause of death. If inadequately treated, diabetes can cause blindness, kidney disease, nerve disease, amputations, heart disease, and stroke. Even conscientious and well-treated diabetics frequently suffer from these complications and have above-average medical costs. If observed, the Native St. Lucian has many barriers to health education, which basically involves their culture, lifestyle, accessibility and socio-economic status. For instance, St. Lucian is currently experiencing a crisis of poverty. People from lower socioeconomic status have poorer health than those in higher socioeconomic positions. Various studies have reported the relationship between low socioeconomic status and the development of chronic disease ((Lynch et al, 2000; Stelmach et al, 2009; Supriya et al, 2009). Recent poverty assessments in St. Lucia estimate that 18.7% of households and 25% of the population live in poverty. Income inequality is high, with 26% of the population characterized as chronically poor (MPDEH, 2003). That same report estimated that a decade later in 2005/06 the poverty rate had increased to 28.8% of the population( Government of St. Lucia( GOVST), The assessment of Poverty volume1, 2006) .The highest poverty rates in2005/06 were in the districts of Anse La Raye/Canaries (44.9%), Micoud (43.6%),Soufriere (42.5%) and Laborie (42.1%). The poverty gap and poverty severity also occurred in these same districts (GOVST, 2006) Furthermore, because of poverty and living in rural areas, most people consume less expensive and often high fat foods, and less fruits and vegetables (Henchy et al, 2000). Brown et al, (2005) described how socioeconomic position influences health among persons with diabetes. Diabetes is twice more prevalent in low income populations compared to wealthy populations (Stelmach W et al; 2009). Some explanations for this increased risk among people of low-income or resource-poor areas include increased stress, low access to medical and preventive care, and poor environment. 1.5 Diet, nutrition and chronic diseases There are clear associations between the various biomedical and behavioural chronic disease risk factors, and it is well established that diet quality and healthy eating practices play an important role in both preventing and managing chronic diseases and the factors that increase their risk (Kant A.K, 2004). The links with food and nutritional status are especially strong in the case of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their risk factors (metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia). The food we eat, in all cultural selection, defines ones health, growth and development. Risk behaviours, particularly smoking and sedentarism, alter the result (). All this takes place in a social, cultural, political and economic environment that can exacerbate the health of populations. Diet is a key component in predisposing to chronic disease, mainly where diet is energy dense causing positive energy balance and obesity. Adoption of western diet which are high in fats , aminal protein, refined carbohydrates and low in fibre, fruits and vegetable can further increase one risk of developing no of more chronic disease(). Several studies have demonstrated a prudent diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fish and wholegrain to be associated with a decline in chronic disease risk such as diabetes (Van Dam et al., 2002; Anne-Helen Harding et al., 2004) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates food source are the most important source of calories for the worlds population mainly because of their low cost and wide availability (). Although Carbohydrates is easily accessible and widely eaten carbohydrate is a key dietary component affecting insulin secretion and postprandial glycemia and is implicated in the etiology of many chronic diseases (Brand-Miller JC et al., 2004). Both the quantity and type of carbohydrate eaten have consequences on insulin secretion and postprandial glycemia. Foods with a rich glycemic index (or glycemic load) produce high rates in blood glucose.  Diets including large quantities of high GL foods increase the risk of diabetes, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and overall chronic disease (Barclay AW et al., 2008). Dietary fibres Epidemiological evidence has shown that foods rich in fibre help glycaemic control in diseases such as type 2 diabetic patients(). A diet high in fibre helps in control blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes. It also helps with colon health as the high fibre diet with smoothing the stool and facilitates to weight loss (). Fats Dietary fat is one of the most influential nutrients in health. Fats has many functions in the human body, As well as to providing more than twice the energy supplied by carbohydrates and proteins and supplying essential fatty acids, fats slows digestion of carbohydrates in order to fuel the brain he fats serve as carriers for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and as parts of cell membranes(). The overconsumption of fat, mainly saturated fat, has been linked to six of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide ().Coronary heart disease and cancer ().There is a strong link between dietary fat consumption and risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, such as colon, breast, prostate, and ovary cancer (). Several studies over the past 30 years have verified the relationship of high dietary fat intake with higher mortality due to various cancers (). Some saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterol levels and, thus, increase the risk of atherosclerosis (). High fat, intake is a main cause of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gallbladder disease (). Studies have show that countries with higher per capita intakes of fat, especially animal fat, have higher incidence rates of certain cancers, including breast, colon, prostate, and pancreas.[41] Migrational studies show that when individuals move from a country of low fat intake to one of high fat intake, the risk of some cancers increases [42] . Vitamins Vitamins are essential nutrients hey are required in small amounts, but have important and specific functions such as promoting growth, reproduction and the maintenance of health. Nutritionally, they form a cohesive group of organic compounds that are required in the diet in small amounts (micrograms or milligrams per day) for the maintenance of normal health and metabolic integrity. They are thus differentiated from the essential minerals and trace elements (which are inorganic) and from essential amino and fatty acids, which are required in larger amounts. Vitamin deficiency however, may increase the risk of chronic diseases (). Suboptimal folic acid levels, along with suboptimal levels of vitamins B(6) and B(12), are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects, and colon and breast cancer() and low levels of the antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, E, and C) may increase risk for several chronic diseases. . Nutritional Transition There are now approximately 350 million obese and more than 1 billion overweight people in the world, living in both developed and developing nations. Previously, underdeveloped nations grappled with undernutrition. Now many of these countries like St. Lucia are in a transitional state and are dealing with the twin evils of under- and over nutrition. In the Caribbean nations between the 1970s and 1990s, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 7% in men and 20% in women in the 1970s to 22% in men and 58% in women (Ragoobirsingh D et al., 2004). The global prevalence of overweight amongst preschool children is estimated at 3.3%. Within the Caribbean region and St. Lucia has one of the highest incidences for this age group with St. Lucia having 2.5% of the 0-5 yr. population ( De Onis M et al.,October 2000) .Obesity in children and adolescents is known to have significant impact on both physical and psychosocial health, these soaring rates of obesity leads to an increase in hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, insulin resistance and abnormal glucose tolerance later in life (Reilly et al., 2003; Weiss et al., 2004). Urbanization, industrialization and transformation processes have been the main cause of this public health accomplishment. In modern cultures, demographic factors interact with social and economic factors and lead to changes in the patterns of health and diseases as hypothesized by Omrans epidemiological transition theory in the early 1970s (Orman et al., 1971). Omrans theory describes the changing pattern of mortality from the predominant communicable diseases to the emerging non-communicable diseases. In his study, Omran defined three stages of epidemiological transition, i.e. the age of pestilence and famine, the age of receding pandemics, and the age of degenerative and man-made diseases (Orman et al., 1971). 1.6 Dietary habits of St. Lucians Food habits reflect the plantation past: the typical diet contains a lot of starches, animal protein content that varies by location, and until recently, little in the way of green vegetables. Starches include various kinds of yams, dasheen, eddos, bananas and plantains, sweet potatoes, cassava and breadfruit. Most of these are boiled, served with some kind of stewed fish or meat, and accompanied by a sauce. Pepper (capsicum) sauce is always present at the table, as most dishes are not prepared spicy hot. Animal protein sources reflect the historical scarcity of this element: pork hocks, pig tail (fresh and salted), chicken back, and saltfish, (cod) salted beef, fish (tuna, flying fishing, red snapper, barracuda, sharke, sardines, jack fish). Most of the dishes are prepared with fats such as; coconut oil, lards, yellow butter. As much as St. Lucia has a wide variety of fruit they are only eaten Fruits such as; mangoes, golden apple, papaya, grapefruit, oranges, cherries, cashew, suga r apple(love apple).Main dishes are accompanied by vegetables such as, avocado, calaloo, spinach, tomatoes, okras, carrots, pigeon peas and lentils, Imported processed foods have been available for decades, but more recently account for larger parts of many meals. Foods such as pasta, rice, 1.7 Cause for chronic non-communicable diseases in St. Lucia Chronic diseases have numerous risk factors, which function at different levels, from the most proximal (i.e. biological), to the most distal (i.e. structural). These risk factors can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable determinants include factors that can be altered, such as individual and community influences, living and working conditions and socio-cultural factors, non-modifiable determinants include those factors that are beyond the control of the individual, such as age, sex and hereditary factors. 1.7.1 Biological factors Some populations are susceptible to chronic disease because of inherited genes. In a south Africa a tribal group Afrikaners have been found to have familial hypercholesterolemia, a rare genetic disorder, characterised by very high low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol and early cardiovascular disease.( Steyn K et al.,1996). Genetic and lifestyle factors are considered to be the main contributors in causing type 2 diabetes (ORahilly et al; 2005). The genetic makeup of a person is as essential to the development of the disease but a person lifestyle and environmental factors can contribute significantly. Some of the major contributing factors include overweight, abdominal obesity and physical inactivity and to lesser extent intrauterine and early childhood factors (Alberti et al, 2007) 1.7.2 Early life origin The time between intrauterine growth and the development is the most vulnerable period in the life cycle and places major physiological, metabolic and psychological demand on the mother to support the growth and the development of the fetus (Allen, 2001). Good growth and development is dependent on a sufficient supply of energy and nutrients. Under nourishment during pregnancy is linked with poor pregnancy and neonatal outcomes which can have negative long term implications for the infant such as a reduction in intelligence, growth disorder, low immunity, increased morbidity, mortality and the development of a range of diseases during adulthood (Rasmussen, 2001) It is proposed that type 2 diabetes results from relative intrauterine malnutrition and the latter leads to lifelong programming (Baker et al; 1986). Children with low birth weight are most likely to experience growth restraint, whether due to intrauterine nutritional restriction or genetic predisposition to low birth weight; similar associations of low birth weight have been made for the development of diabetes (Lindsay et al; 2001). Babies who are born low birth weight tend to grow fast after birth catch-up growth, often become overweight as young children. They are most likely to develop high blood pressure and abnormal blood glucose level early in life, which future increase their risk of developing chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes (Barkeret al., 1997). The prevalence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) is approximately 6 and 9% in the Caribbean. The association between low birth weight and adult disease makes urgent the concern of these high LBW prevalence rates in the Caribbean (Henry; 2000). An under-nourishes child is normally a smaller and shorter child (0) Stunting is an indication of long standing mal and under-nutrition and is often accompanied by fat deposition, particularly around the abdominal section when faced with food in abundance. Predisposing individuals to obesity in adulthood. () Likewise children who are born to large mother and are large for their gestational age are most likely to induce insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life (Bennett et al; 2002). In Jamaica children shortness at birth and increased current weight are independent predictors of insulin resistance (Bennett et al; 2002). There is significant amount of evidence, mainly from developed countries, that states intrauterine growth retardation is connected with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes and elevated blood pressure (WHO, 2002; Godfrey et al., 2000; Forsà © et al., 2000). It may be the pattern of growth, i.e. restricted fetal growth followed by very fast postnatal catch-up growth that is vital in the underlying disease pathways. Likewise, large size at birth is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (McCance DR et al., 1996; Leon DA et al., 1998). Behavioural risk factors (lifestyle factors) Lifestyles play an important role in determining chronic diseases and lifestyle changes are likely to be responsible for a significant proportion of their increase over time. 1.7.3 Poor diet Nutrition is a major modifiable determinant of chronic diseases, with scientific evidence supporting the view that modifications in diet have effects on health outcome of a person. Non-communicable diseases are linked to high consumption of energy dense foods, made of animal origin and of foods processed or prepared with added fat, sugar and salt.() St. Lucia is undergoing rapid nutritional transition (Boyne, 2008). There has been an increase of fast-food restaurants, and an increased in the consumption of meals high in fat, sugar, and salt and a reduction in the consumption of cereals, grains, fruits, vegetables, tubers, and legumes (Jacoby et al.,2008). The increased consumption of imported foods high in fat and sodium has led to a decline of the health status of people throughout the region, with an increase in health problems such as obesity and diabetes (Report from WHO, 2003). 1.7.4 Physical inactivity Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle is linked with increased levels of obesity, breast cancer, colon cancer